A schema showing how oil palm oil primary products and co-products that are available to the feed industry are produced during the palm oil milling process is shown in Figure 1. CPO is obtained from the fibrous mesocarp of oil palm oil fruits. CPO consists of 45% palmitic acid, 40% oleic acid, 10% linoleic acid, 5% stearic acid (C18:0, SFA) and 3.5% free fatty acids. It is deep orange in colour, owing to its high content of carotenoids with approximately 35% α-carotene and 56% β-carotene, and is a rich source of vitamin E, which is present as a mixture of tocotrienols (80%, T3) and a smaller proportion of tocopherols (20%, T). CPO can be added directly to commercially prepared feed for laying hens and broilers. It is used as a fat and energy source and to supply essential fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by animals, as well to supplyingsupply other nutrients such as vitamin E and carotenoids.

PKC is an important residue produced by the oil palm oil industry. It is also known as palm kernel meal (PKM) or palm kernel expeller (PKE). In an ideal milling process, oil can be extracted from palm kernels using either of two key methods, i.e.,- solvent extraction andor screw press (expeller) extraction. PKM or PKC, and PKE are the residue remaining after the solvent and expeller extraction of oil from palm kernelsprocesses, respectively. Due to the general lack of discrimination between these two products, the term “palm kernel cake” will be used throughout this review to refer to both products. Tang (2000) suggested that solvent-extracted PKC generally has a lower oil content than expellerexpeller-produced PKE. PKC has been recognized as a potential cost-effective feed for livestock, and its biochemical composition is comparable to that of rice bran, copra meal and corn gluten feed.