However, macroconidia are more easily produced in the lab, and, since the specific nature of the trapped fungal particle cannot be determined by qPCR, “macroconidia” constitute a sound reference unit to compare the amount of fungal particles between trapping events. The ascospores of F. graminearum are usually composed of four cells; whereas, macroconidia contains between from 4 to 8 cells (Booth 1971). Therefore, the amount of DNA per spore is higher in macroconidia than in ascospores, which would make the numbers of spores detected even higher than what we estimated. Yet, an overestimation of the quantities of fungal spores is also possible, since PCR also amplified DNA from dead fungal particles leading to false positive.